Friday, January 16, 2004

McDomination

Ambassador-designate Teel Bivins of Amarillo has nothing to worry about in Stockholm. McDomination is the order of the day. If this be (fair & balanced) cultural imperialism, so be it.



[x The Christian Science Monitor]
In 2,000 years, will the world remember Disney or Plato?
By Mark Rice-Oxley

LONDON - Down in the mall, between the fast-food joint and the bagel shop, a group of young people huddles in a flurry of baggy combat pants, skateboards, and slang. They size up a woman teetering past wearing DKNY, carrying Time magazine in one hand and a latte in the other. She brushes past a guy in a Yankees' baseball cap who is talking on his Motorola cellphone about the Martin Scorsese film he saw last night.

It's a standard American scene - only this isn't America, it's Britain. US culture is so pervasive, the scene could be played out in any one of dozens of cities. Budapest or Berlin, if not Bogota or Bordeaux. Even Manila or Moscow.

As the unrivaled global superpower, America exports its culture on an unprecedented scale. From music to media, film to fast food, language to literature and sport, the American idea is spreading inexorably, not unlike the influence of empires that preceded it.

The difference is that today's technology flings culture to every corner of the globe with blinding speed. If it took two millenniums for Plato's "Republic" to reach North America, the latest hit from Justin Timberlake can be found in Greek (and Japanese) stores within days. Sometimes, US ideals get transmitted - such as individual rights, freedom of speech, and respect for women - and local cultures are enriched. At other times, materialism or worse becomes the message and local traditions get crushed.

"The US has become the most powerful, significant world force in terms of cultural imperialism [and] expansion," says Ian Ralston, American studies director at Liverpool John Moores University. "The areas that particularly spring to mind are Hollywood, popular music, and even literature."

But what some call "McDomination" has created a backlash in certain cultures. And it's not clear whether fast food, Disney, or rock 'n' roll will change the world the way Homer or Shakespeare has.

Cricket or basketball?
Stick a pin in a map and there you'll find an example of US influence.

Hollywood rules the global movie market, with up to 90 percent of audiences in some European countries. Even in Africa, 2 of 3 films shown are American.

Few countries have yet to be touched by McDonald's and Coca-Cola. Starbucks recently opened up a new front in South America, and everyone's got a Hard Rock Café T-shirt from somewhere exotic.

West Indian sports enthusiasts increasingly watch basketball, not cricket. Baseball has long since taken root in Asia and Cuba. And Chinese young people are becoming more captivated by American football and basketball, some even daubing the names of NBA stars on their school sweatsuits. The NFL plans to roll out a Chinese version of its website this month.

Rupert Murdoch's satellites, with their heavy traffic of US audiovisual content, saturate the Asian subcontinent. American English is the language of choice for would-be pop stars in Europe, software programmers in India, and Internet surfers everywhere.

America's preeminence is hardly surprising. Superpowers have throughout the ages sought to perpetuate their way of life: from the philosophy and mythology of the ancient Greeks to the law and language of the Romans; from the art and architecture of the Tang Dynasty and Renaissance Italy to the sports and systems of government of the British.

"Most empires think their own point of view is the only correct point of view," says Robert Young, an expert in postcolonial cultural theory at Oxford University. "It's the certainty they get because of the power they have, and they expect to impose it on everyone else."

Detractors of cultural imperialism argue, however, that cultural domination poses a totalitarian threat to diversity. In the American case, "McDomination" poses several dangers.

First, local industries are truly at risk of extinction because of US oligopolies, such as Hollywood. For instance in 2000, the European Union handed out 1 billion euros to subsidize Europe's film industry. Even the relatively successful British movie industry has no control over distribution, which is almost entirely in the hands of the Hollywood majors.

Second, political cultures are being transformed by the personality-driven American model in countries as far-reaching as Japan and the Philippines.

Finally, US domination of technologies such as the Internet and satellite TV means that, increasingly, America monopolizes the view people get of the world. According to a recent report for the UN Conference on Trade and Development, 13 of the top 14 Internet firms are American. No. 14 is British.

"You have to know English if you want to use the Internet," says Andre Kaspi, a professor at the Sorbonne in Paris.

A main problem is that culture is no longer a protected species, but subject to the inexorable drive for free trade, says Joost Smiers, a political science professor at the Utrecht School of the Arts. This means that it is increasingly difficult for countries to protect their own industries. France tries to do so with subsidies, while South Korea has tried quotas. Such "protectionist" tactics meet with considerable US muscle, Dr. Smiers says.

"America's aggressive cultural policy ... hinders national states from regulating their own cultural markets," he says. "We should take culture out of the WTO."

Another danger, detractors say, is the consolidation of the communications industry into a few conglomerates such as AOL-TimeWarner, Disney, and News Corporation, which means that the "infotainment" generated for global consumption nearly always comes from an Anglophone perspective.

"You can't go on with just three music companies organizing and distributing 85 percent of the music in the world," says Smiers. "It's against all principles of democracy. Every emotion, every feeling, every image can be copyrighted into the hands of a few owners."

American, with a twist

A backlash is being felt in certain places. In Japan, locals have taken US ideas like hip-hop and fast food, and given them a Japanese twist, says Dominic al-Badri, editor of Kansai Time Out. In Germany, there is still strong resistance to aspects of US pop culture, though there is an appetite for its intellectual culture, says Gary Smith, director of the American Academy in Berlin. In France, resistance is growing partly because of frustrations over the Iraq war - but partly because Americanization is already so advanced in the country, says Mr. Kaspi.

He notes one interesting anecdotal sign of US influence - and the futility of resistance. France has repeatedly tried to mandate the use of French language in official capacities to check the advance of English. "But most of the time, the law is impossible to apply, because if you want to be understood around the world you have to speak English," Kaspi says.

In the Philippines, even the best US ideals have caused complications.

"The pervasive American influence has saddled us with two legacies," notes respected local commentator Antonio C. Abaya. "American-style elections, which require the commitment of massive financial resources, which have to be recouped and rolled over many times, which is the main source of corruption in government; and American-style free press in which media feel free to attack and criticize everything that the government does or says, which adds to disunity and loss of confidence in government."

Meanwhile, for all the strength of the US movie industry, sometimes a foreign film resonates more with a local audience than a Hollywood production - and outperforms it. For instance, Japan's "Spirited Away" (2001) remains the top-grossing film in that country, surpassing global Hollywood hits like "Titanic." In addition, British TV has influenced and served up competition to US shows, spawning such hits as "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", "The Weakest Link," and "American Idol."

1,000 years from now

So how much good does American culture bring to the world? And how long will it last? Ian Ralston cautions against sweeping dismissals of US pop culture.

British television may be saturated with American sitcoms and movies, but while some are poor, others are quite good, he says. "British culture has always been enriched by foreign influences. In some ways American culture and media have added to that enrichment."

Others note that it is not all one-way traffic. America may feast largely on a diet of homegrown culture, but it imports modestly as well: soccer, international cuisine, Italian fashion, and, increasingly, British television.

As to the question of durability, some experts believe US domination of communication channels makes it inevitable that its messages will become far more entrenched than those of previous empires.

"The main difference now in favor of American culture is the importance of technology - telephone, Internet, films, all that did not exist in ancient Greece or the Mongol empire," Kaspi says. "American influence is growing, it's so easy to get access to US culture; there are no barriers.

"Disney is known worldwide now," he adds. "Plato is more and more unknown, even in Greece."

But not everyone thinks American culture will stand the test of time. "It remains to be see whether the Monkees and Bee Gees are as durable as Plato," says Professor Young, with a dab of irony. "Let's have another look in 4,000 years' time."

Copyright © 2004 The Christian Science Monitor


HISTORY TEST ANSWERS

I admit it. I am older than dirt. If this be (fair & balanced) trivializing, so be it.



ANSWERS

1. b) On the floor, to the left of the clutch. Hand controls, popular in Europe, took till the late '60s to catch on.

2. b) To sprinkle clothes before ironing. Who had a steam iron?

3. c) Cold weather caused the milk to freeze and expand, popping the bottle top.

4. a) Blackjack Gum.

5. b) Special makeup was applied, followed by drawing a seam down the back of the leg with eyebrow pencil.

6. a) 1946 Studebaker.

7. c) Wax coke bottles containing super-sweet colored water.

8. a) Wax for your flat top (butch) haircut.

9. a) With clamps, tightened by a skate key, which you wore on a! shoestring around your neck.

10. c) Eeny-meeny-miney-mo.

11. c) Polio. At the beginning of August, swimming pools were closed, movies and other public gathering places were closed to try to prevent spread of the disease.

12. b) Taxi. Better be ready by half-past eight!

13. c) Macaroni.

14. c) Hiding under your desk, and covering your head with your arms in an A-bomb drill.


15. a) Princess Summerfallwinterspring. She was another puppet.

16. a) Immediately sniffed the purple ink to get a high.

17. b) Put in a special stamp book, they could be traded for household items at the Green Stamp store.

18. c) Ammunition, and we'll all be free.

19. a) The widely famous 50's group: The Inkspots.

20. a) Tony Bennett, and he sounds just as good today.
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SCORING


17 - 20 correct: You are older than dirt, and obviously gifted with mental abilities. Now if you could only find your glasses. Definitely someone who should share their wisdom!

12 - 16 correct: Not quite dirt yet, but your mind is getting! keen.

0 - 11 correct: You are not old enough to share the wisdom of your experiences.

Poll Cat

I just did it. I cast my ballot in the special election to fill the state senate seat held by Teel Bivins (R-Amarillo). Senator Bivins has been tapped by the Bush administration to be ambassador to Sweden. Senator Bivins received acclaim (Texas Monthly named him one of the 10 best Texas legislators more than once.) and he won my heart when he pulled the plug on the Texas State Technical College-Amarillo. Senator Bivins cashed some favors to win TSTC-Amarillo a special $1M appropriation and when the promised results (increased enrollment) didn't materialize, Bivins led the way to close the largely duplicative 2-year institution. TSTC-Amarillo (like its sister institutions in Waco, Sweetwater, Harlingen, and Marshall) filled the void left by a closed U. S. airbase (and the accompanying payroll). I wish that Senator Bivins was fluent in Swedish. I wish that Senator Bivins knew Swedish history and culture. However, his main qualifications for the Bush appointment were his personal campaign donations and his campign fundraising in the 2000 presidential election. No matter, Senator Bivins is off to Stockholm. He leaves a state senate seat (District 31) that has been gerrymandered to include the Texas Panhandle and the Permian Basin.

Thanks to Congressman Tom DeLay (R-TX) and his willing minions in the Texas Legislature, I had a choice of 6 Republicans (3 from the Permian Basin—Odessa and Midland— and 3 from the Texas Panhandle) and 1 Democrat. The history of my franchise has been detailed more than once in Sapper's (Fair & Balanced) Rants & Raves. I voted for 1 winning presidential candidate since 1964: Jimmy Carter in 1976. Today, I kept my record of political futility intact.

My vote in the Senate District 31 Special Election went to Jesse Quackenbush (R-Amarillo). Lawyer Quackenbush (personal injury and medical malpractice) has been the Don Quixote of Panhandle politics of late. He ran for State Representative as a Democrat against an incumbent Republican in 2002. The incumbent (Representative David Swinford) rolled Jesse in a landslide (68% to 32%). I do not live in House District 87, so I had no opportunity to vote for Quackenbush earlier.

Within the week after the 2002 vote, Lawyer Quackenbush changed party affliation and became a Republican. Quackenbush said that the Democrats were out of step with the mainstream. Based on the vote in 2002, the majority of voters in House District 87 found Lawyer Quackenbush's step a bit strange. After I cast my early ballot, I discovered that Lawyer Quackenbush left the Democrats because he is Pro-Life (strangely omitted by the local fishwrap). I imagine that the Pro-Life element finds Quackenbush embarrassing and eschews his identification with their movement.

However, my ballot was cast for another, more compelling reason. Quackenbush is the target of numerous letters to the editor in the local fishwrap. The biggest controversy in the special election revolves around Quackenbush and T. Boone Pickens (formerly of Amarillo and now living in Dallas). Pickens made a splash in the go-go 80's as a corporate raider. Ultimately the sharpies on Wall Street were a little shrewder than T. Boone and his Mesa Petroleum enterprise crashed. However, T. Boone is back with Mesa Water. Pickens owns ranch property in sparsely populated Roberts County, Texas. Pickens proposes to pump water out of the Ogallalla Aquifer and sell it to water-stressed cities like San Antonio. The pipeline to carry Mesa Water to San Antonio will be paid for by the lucky citizens of the Alamo City. Pickens will make a bigger killing with water than he ever did with oil.

Lawyer Quackenbush—seeking some press coverage—got himself quoted about the Pickens water scheme in the local fishwrap: If I'm elected to represent the 31st District, the only water Pickens will leave the Panhandle with will be the urine I leave on his pant leg. O, the cries of outrage at Lawyer Quackenbush appear daily in the local fishwrap. I suspect that Lawyer Quackenbush did not use the clinical term, urine, in his quote of the day. I strongly suspect that Quackenbush used a scatalogical reference to urine: p*ss. The local fishwrap cleaned it up for family consumption.

Quackenbush is not the first Texas politician to made reference to urine in an earthy way. John Nance Garner represented Uvalde, Texas in both the Texas House and the U. S. House. In fact, Garner was elected Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives in 1931. Franklin D. Roosevelt tapped him as his running mate and Garner served as Vice President for two terms (1932-1940). When FDR broke precedent and ran for a third term in 1940, Garner broke with FDR and returned to Uvalde.

As a young history student, I remember the quote most associated with John Nance Garner. Asked about serving as Vice President, Cactus Jack Garner replied: The vice-presidency "wasn't worth a bucket of warm spit," because "the Vice President is just a waiting boy, waiting just in case something happens to the President." However, the reporters changed what Garner actually said to the above quote that appeared in history book after history book. Garner actually said that the vice-presidency "wasn't worth a bucket of warm p*ss".... Garner was a Texan and talked like a Texan. When speaking in an earthy fashion, a Texan does not substitute urine for p*ss.

So, that is why I cast my ballot for Jesse Quackenbush. If this be (fair & balanced) political futility, so be it.