A short time ago, this blogger felt a flash of recollection of the frightening days of 2007-2008 when one of the largest US money market funds — in effect — declared bankruptcy because its primary lender, Lehman Brothers went into bankruptcy and the dominoes began to topple, one after another. The news was filled with doom-and-gloom predictions of a depression to rival the Great Depression of the 1930s. This blogger was on the side hill eating grapes according to the family saying about events prior to the listener's life, but he grew up surrounded by men and women who bore "the invisible scar" that Caroline Bird defined as the impact of the Great Depression on the later lives of the survivors. If this is a (fair & balanced) version of Post-Traumatic Financial Syndrome (Financial PTFS), so be it.
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One Of The Most Important Recession Indicators Is Beginning To Flash — Is It Time To Worry Yet?
By Jordan Weissmann
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Unless you spend your day glued to a Bloomberg terminal or mainlining CNBC, you might have missed the news late last week that the yield curve for US Treasury bonds “inverted” for the first time since 2007. This dry-sounding development has led to a great deal of speculation on Wall Street and in the financial press about whether an economic downturn might finally be on the way. As the Wall Street Journal’s James Mackintosh put it, “The market’s most reliable recession indicator is finally flashing red.”
Why does this have people so worried? The yield curve has inverted in the lead-up to all nine U.S. recessions since 1955. As the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco notes, there has only been one instance in the last six decades when an inversion wasn’t followed by an official recession within two years or less. That was back in the mid-1960s, when growth slowed, but the economy didn’t technically shrink. Since then, there hasn’t been a single false alarm.
How the yield curve works is fairly simple: When the economy is healthy, investors usually demand higher yields from long-term than short-term US government bonds, in part because there’s a greater risk that growth will cause inflation to pick up down the line and eat into their interest payments. When the yield curve inverts, the opposite becomes true: The returns on long-term government bonds dip below those on shorter-term ones . That’s what happened last week, when yields on 10-year Treasury notes crossed under the yields on the-month notes—the two securities that economists and investors often compare to determine whether the curve has flipped. It’s a spooky reversal of the debt market’s natural order.
Does this mean the economy is about to crash? Not necessarily. Most analysts seem to be staying even-keeled about the whole thing, reassuring readers that it’s “premature” to panic and such. But it’s as good a sign as any that investors collectively sense some sort of trouble ahead.
Nobody can say for sure why the yield curve has inverted at any given time any more than can explain why the stock market falls. But most explanations suggest that investors are basically pessimistic about growth. They may think an economic contraction will keep inflation low or force the Federal Reserve to cut rates. They might be buying 10-year Treasuries—when demand for a bond rises, it pushes up its price and lowers its yield—because they expect economic turmoil in the near-term and want somewhere relatively safe to park their money.
It’s not clear if the yield curve can actually help trigger a recession, though some have speculated it could. It could discourage banks from making loans, for instance, since they borrow short term rates and lend at long-term ones. There could also be an element of self-fulfilling prophecy: Once the yield curve inverts, businesses and investors start to expect a downturn, and retrench accordingly.
With that said, it’s a bit early to be forecasting economic doom. One reason for calm comes from Campbell Harvey, the Duke University finance professor who first pinpointed the relationship between the yield curve and growth. (Harvey measured the spread between five-year and three-month bonds.) As he explained to me, the yield curve only becomes a recession indicator once it has been inverted on average for a full three-month period. Downturns also sometimes take a while to follow. The yield curve inverted eight months before the 2001 recession officially began. It inverted 22 months before the Great Recession kicked off in 2007. And of course, Harvey said, even if the yield curve has preceded recessions in the past, this time could be different.
“It’s only one indicator. I wouldn’t want to use only one indicator to do a forecast,” he said.
There are some concrete reasons why history might not repeat itself this time around. Some believe the yield curve may be a less useful barometer, now that the US seems to have entered an era of persistently low interest rates and inflation. It has a mixed record of predicting growth outside the US, and has been particularly inaccurate in Japan, which has long struggled with low rates. The Federal Reserves post-recession bond buying program was also designed, in part, to lower long-term rates compared to short-term ones, and some of its effects may still be lingering. This could also all just be a sign that the Fed is hiking short-term interest rates too fast—though it paused its increases last week—and that it needs to consider a cut.
Still, as far as wonky market signals go, the inverted yield curve is a fairly ominous one with a good track record. Would you want to be you bet against it? ###
[Jordan Weissmann is Slate’s senior business and economics correspondent writing about the economy, health care, taxes, and related areas. His writing also has appeared in HuffPost, Business Insider, Chicago Tribune, The Atlantic, Inc., News.com.au, Yahoo, Newsday, Miami Herald, National Post, The Dallas Morning News, Tampa Bay Times, Seeking Alpha, New Zealand Herald, Quartz, Slate France, The Oregonian, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, RealClearPolitics, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, CityLab, Richmond Times-Dispatch, Government Executive, National Law Journal, NextGov, and RealClearMarkets. Weissmann received a BS (journalism) from Northwestern University (IL).]
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