Whatever Happened To 32¢-Gallon Gasoline?

Somewhere Over The Rainbow [Click on image to enlarge.] 

The most beautiful sight on a trip from Sun City (in central Texas at the edge of the Hill Country) to Amarillo (my old home town in the Texas Panhandle) occurs twice for me. On the approach to Sweetwater, TX, the road passes a vast windfarm. Scores of huge turbines with graceful rotor blades turning slowly in the wind (the most powerful energy source in Texas). Beyond Sweetwater, between Snyder and Post on the Texas South Plains, another comparable windfarm on a bluff at some distance from the highway contains huge turbines with graceful rotor blades turning slowly in the wind. We must break the addictive hold of cheap gasoline because we cannot afford the luxury of huge, gas-guzzling SUVs. If this is (fair & balanced) pessimism, so be it.

[x Earth Policy Institute]
THE SHORT PATH TO OIL INDEPENDENCE: Gas-Electric Hybrids and Wind Power Offer Winning Combination
by Lester R. Brown

With the price of oil above $50 a barrel, with political instability in the Middle East on the rise, and with little slack in the world oil economy, we need a new energy strategy. Fortunately, the outline of a new strategy is emerging with two new technologies.

These technologies--gas-electric hybrid engines and advanced-design wind turbines--offer a way to wean ourselves from imported oil. If over the next decade we convert the U.S. automobile fleet to gas-electric hybrids with the efficiency of today's Toyota Prius, we could cut our gasoline use in half. No change in the number of vehicles, no change in miles driven--just doing it more efficiently.

There are now three gas-electric hybrid car models on the market: the Toyota Prius, the Honda Insight, and the hybrid version of the Honda Civic. The Prius--a midsize car on the cutting-edge of automotive technology--gets an astounding 55 mpg in combined city/highway driving. No wonder there are lists of eager buyers willing to wait six months for delivery.

Ford has just released a hybrid model of its Escape SUV. Honda is about to release a hybrid version of its popular Accord sedan. General Motors will offer hybrid versions of several of its cars beginning with the Saturn VUE in 2006, followed by the Chevy Tahoe and Chevy Malibu. Beyond this, GM has delivered 235 hybrid-powered buses to Seattle with the potential to reduce gasoline use there by up to 60 percent. Other cities slated to get hybrid buses are Philadelphia, Houston, and Portland. Hybrid engines are catching on.

With gas-electric hybrid cars now on the market, the stage is set for the second step to reduce oil dependence, the use of wind-generated electricity to power automobiles. If we add to the gas-electric hybrid a plug-in capacity and a second battery to increase its electricity storage capacity, motorists could then do their commuting, shopping, and other short-distance travel largely with electricity, saving gasoline for the occasional long trip. This could lop another 20 percent off gasoline use in addition to the initial 50 percent cut from shifting to gas-electric hybrids, for a total reduction in gasoline use of 70 percent.

The plug-in capacity gives access to the country's vast, largely untapped, wind resources. In 1991, the U.S. Department of Energy published a National Wind Resource Inventory in which it pointed out that three of our 50 states--Kansas, North Dakota and Texas--have enough harnessable wind energy to satisfy national electricity needs. Many were astonished by this news since wind power was widely considered a marginal energy source.

Yet in retrospect, we know that this was a gross underestimate simply because it was based on the wind turbine technologies of 1991. Advances in design since then enable turbines to operate at lower wind speeds, to convert wind into electricity more efficiently, and to harness a much larger wind regime.

The average turbine in 1991 was roughly 120 feet tall, whereas new ones are 300 feet tall--the height of a 30-story building. Not only does this more than double the harvestable wind regime, but winds at the higher elevation are stronger and more reliable.

In Europe, which has emerged as the world leader in developing wind energy, wind farms now satisfy the residential electricity needs of 40 million consumers. Last year, the European Wind Energy Association projected that by 2020 this energy source would provide electricity for 195 million people--half the population of Western Europe. A 2004 assessment of Europe's offshore potential by the Garrad Hassan consulting group concluded that if European governments move vigorously to develop this potential, wind could supply all of the region's residential electricity by 2020.

Wind power is growing fast because it is cheap, abundant, inexhaustible, widely distributed, clean, and climate-benign. No other energy source has all of these attributes.

The cost of wind-generated electricity has been in free fall over the last two decades. The early wind farms in California, where the modern wind industry was born in the early 1980s, generated electricity at a cost of 38¢ per kilowatt-hour. Now many wind farms are producing power at 4¢ per kilowatt-hour, and some long-term supply contracts have recently been signed at 3¢ per kilowatt-hour. And the price is still falling. (For data see http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update43_data.htm.)


Unlike the widely discussed fuel cell/hydrogen transportation model, the gas-electric hybrid/wind model does not require a costly new infrastructure. The network of gasoline service stations is already in place. So, too, is the electricity grid needed to link wind farms to the storage batteries in cars. For this new model to work most efficiently, we would need a strong integrated national grid. Fortunately, the need for modernizing our antiquated set of regional grids, replacing them with a strong national grid, is now widely recognized--especially after the blackout that darkened the U.S. northeast in 2003.

One of the few weaknesses of wind energy--its irregularity--is largely offset with the use of plug-in gas-electric hybrids, as the batteries in these vehicles become a part of the storage system for wind energy. Beyond this, there is always the tank of gasoline as a backup.

Some 22 states now have commercial-scale wind farms feeding electricity into the grid. Although there is occasionally a NIMBY problem, the PIIMBY response ("put it in my backyard") is much more pervasive. This is not surprising, since a single turbine can easily produce $100,000 worth of electricity in a year.

The competition among farmers in Iowa or ranchers in Colorado for wind farms is intense. Farmers, with no investment on their part, typically receive $3,000 a year in royalties from the local utility for siting a single wind turbine, which occupies a quarter-acre of land. This quarter-acre in corn country would produce 40 bushels of corn worth $120 or in ranch country perhaps $10 worth of beef.

Communities in rural America desperately want the additional revenue from wind farms and the jobs they bring. In addition, money spent on electricity generated from wind farms stays in the community, creating a ripple effect throughout the local economy. Within a matter of years, thousands of ranchers could be earning far more from electricity sales than from cattle sales.

Moving to the highly efficient gas-electric hybrids with a plug-in capacity, combined with the construction of thousands of wind farms across the country feeding electricity into a national grid, will give us the energy security that has eluded us for three decades. It will also rejuvenate farm and ranch communities and shrink the U.S. balance-of-trade deficit. Even more important, it will dramatically cut carbon emissions, making the United States a model that other countries can emulate.

Lester Brown was the founder and president of the Worldwatch Institute, a non-profit organization dedicated to the analysis of the global environment. He served as advisor to Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman and served as administrator of the International Agricultural Service in that department. In 1969, he helped James Grant establish the Overseas Development Council He is the author and coauthor of numerous books and received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1986.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

From Earth Policy Institute

Lester R. Brown, Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003).

________, Janet Larsen, and Bernie Fischlowitz-Roberts, The Earth Policy Reader (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002).

________, Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001).

________, “Saudis Have U.S. Over a Barrel,” Eco-Economy Update, 14 April 2004.

________, “Europe Leading World Into Age of Wind Energy,” Eco-Economy Update, 8 April 2004.

________, “Coal: U.S. Promotes While Canada and Europe Move Beyond,” Eco-Economy Update, 3 December 2003.

________, “Wind Power Set to Become World’s Leading Energy Source,” Eco-Economy Update, 25 June 2003.

________, “World Wind Generating Capacity Jumps 31 Percent in 2001,” Eco-Economy Update, 8 January 2002.

________, “Wind Power: The Missing Link in the Bush Energy Plan,” Eco-Economy Update, 31 May 2001.
From Other Sources

AWEA, Wind Power Outlook 2004 (Washington, DC: March 2004).

Cristina L. Archer and Mark Z. Jacobson, “Spatial and Temporal Distributions of U.S. Winds and Wind Power at 80 m Derived From Measurements,” in American Geophysical Union, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 108, no. D9, 13 May 2003.

EPA, Fuel Economy Guide (Washington, DC: 2004).

European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) and Greenpeace, Wind Force 12 (Brussels, EWEA: 2003).

EWEA, Wind Power Targets for Europe: 75,000 MW by 2010 (Belgium: October 2003).

Garrad Hassan and Partners, Ltd., Sea Wind Europe (London: Greenpeace, March 2004).

Janet L. Sawin, “Wind Power’s Rapid Growth Continues,” in Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2003 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003), pp. 38-39.

LINKS

American Wind Energy Association
Environmental Protection Agency (Fuel Economy)
European Wind Energy Association
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Worldwatch Institute

Copyright © 2004 Earth Policy Institute